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Risk Retention Group (RRG)

A group-owned captive under the federal Liability Risk Retention Act allowing members with similar liability risks to self-insure across all US states.

industryPublished 2026/06/07Last verified 2026/06/07

FAQs

What is the difference between an RRG and a purchasing group?
Both are creatures of the LRRA, but they function differently. A purchasing group buys insurance from an admitted carrier or RRG using the group's collective bargaining power—it does not create its own insurance company. An RRG is itself an insurance company owned by its members. Purchasing groups are easier to form but do not provide the same control over pricing, terms, or profit retention.
Can an RRG write professional liability for members in all 50 states?
Yes. Once licensed in its home state, an RRG can write liability coverage in all other states after registering and paying applicable premium taxes. The LRRA's preemption prevents other states from requiring full admission or imposing substantive insurance regulations—this multi-state access is the RRG's primary regulatory advantage over standard admitted or surplus lines markets.
What happens if an RRG becomes insolvent?
State guaranty funds do not cover RRG insolvencies—this must be disclosed to all members. If an RRG fails, its home state insurance department handles the receivership or liquidation. Members are unsecured creditors with claims on the RRG's remaining assets.

Related Terms

  • Captive Insurance

    An insurance company wholly owned by the entity or group it insures, created to fund the owner's own risks rather than transfer them to a commercial carrier.

  • Purchasing Group

    An LRRA entity allowing members with similar liability exposures to purchase insurance collectively, leveraging group size for favorable carrier terms.

  • Surplus Lines Compliance

    Regulatory requirements governing non-admitted insurance placement—diligent search documentation, stamping office filings, disclosure, and tax remittance.

  • Producer Licensing

    The state-by-state system requiring insurance agents and brokers to obtain and maintain licenses to solicit or sell insurance for each line of authority.

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A Risk Retention Group (RRG) is a type of group captive insurance company authorized by the federal Liability Risk Retention Act of 1986 (LRRA). It allows groups of businesses or professionals facing similar liability exposures to form their own insurance company to cover their shared risks—and once licensed in a single state, that RRG may operate in all 50 states with minimal additional state regulatory requirements.

How It Works / Why It Matters

The LRRA was enacted by Congress in direct response to the liability insurance crisis of the mid-1980s, when commercial liability markets became unavailable or unaffordable for certain classes of businesses. Congress preempted state insurance law to create a federal framework enabling affected groups to insure themselves.

The LRRA's preemption power is the RRG's defining characteristic. Under the act, a state cannot require an RRG to obtain a separate license in that state (beyond its home state), apply its own substantive insurance laws to restrict an RRG's operations, require an RRG to participate in state guaranty funds, or impose premium taxes beyond what the home state charges. This federal preemption makes RRGs dramatically easier to operate across state lines than traditional admitted insurers.

Eligibility and coverage restrictions: RRGs are limited to writing liability coverages only. They cannot write first-party property insurance, workers' compensation, or personal lines. All members must be engaged in similar or related businesses or activities—the homogeneity requirement exists to ensure the group genuinely shares common risk characteristics.

Ownership: An RRG must be owned by its insureds. Every member is also an owner, creating alignment of interests between the insurer and insured that does not exist in commercial markets.

In Practice

A national association of home health care agencies facing difficult commercial liability markets organizes an RRG licensed in Vermont. The RRG provides professional liability and general liability coverage to member agencies throughout the country. Because Vermont is the home state, the RRG files annual statements with Vermont's Department of Financial Regulation but only needs to register—not obtain a full license—in the other 49 states where it writes business.

State guaranty fund exclusion: RRG members are not protected by state guaranty funds. This is a significant distinction that must be disclosed to members and purchasers. If an RRG becomes insolvent, members have claims as creditors of the RRG but no state fund backstop.

The producer-licensing rules for placing business with RRGs vary—some states require surplus lines broker involvement even though RRGs are not technically surplus lines carriers. This creates surplus-lines-compliance complexity that agencies placing RRG business must navigate carefully.

Related Concepts

RRGs are closely related to captive-insurance (the broader self-insurance category of which RRGs are a subset), purchasing-group (a related LRRA vehicle that buys rather than creates insurance), and surplus-lines-compliance (which some states attempt to apply to RRGs, creating legal complexity).